Hawaiian Overthrow Essay Example For Students

Hawaiian Overthrow Essay The 19th century will live in infamy in Hawaiian hearts; it was a century of great change in Hawaiian society. The old system of mana and the sharing of the land were slowly replaced, the arrival of missionaries would signal the period of greatest change in Hawaiian society. Between the arrival of Captain James Cook and the missionaries, the Hawaiian monarchy was able to maintain some sort of independence and keep the old Hawaiian system in place. Everything began to change that eventually lead to the overthrow of the monarchy and the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. This was a very long process and it is hard to decipher who was responsible for the overthrow of the monarchy What part did Queen Liliuokalani play in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy? What actions did she initiate that provoked the Annexation group to arise and take over the Hawaiian kingdom that would become the republic of Hawaii and eventually be annexed to the United States? Was the que en the one to blame for the annexation of Hawaii? These are some of the questions that I would like to answer. The position of the queen and the influence she had on the whole affair is unclear to me at this point. Queen Liliuokalani was born Liliu Kamakaeha on September 2, 1838. After her birth she was taken away and adopted by Konia, who was granddaughter of King Kamehameha the Great. They did this so that everyone in the higher positions in Hawaiian society would have a stake in everyones family. The whole society was supposed to be like one large family. At age four Liliu attended the royal school Run by the missionaries Amos Cooke and his wife. There she studied for over six hours a day after school and became a very good student. Liliu also developed Christian beliefs that she would carry with her for the rest of her life. The school closed in Liliu went to school closer to home. This made her very happy because she did not like the boarding school very much and missed her family a lot . Liliu married at 24 years of age to John Owen Dominis, son of a very prominent ship captain. At the time of her wedding she moved to Washington Place until 1868 when she inherited some land in Waikiki. Li liu loved this house and she loved to share in the beauty of the land in Waikiki. She would let all kinds of people stay at her house. People as prominent as Captains of ships down to the footmen and deckhands, she was a very compassionate women. In 1877 Kalakaua called Lililu to the palace and told her she was going to be named his heir apparent under the name of Princess Liliuokalani . Her first reaction was one of dismay and shock, she believed that this name was not a name at all. Kalakaua reminded her that her name meant ?sore eye?, then she retorted that his name meant ?battle day?2.These little reactions can be an example of the Queens stubbornness that would play a huge role in the way she would later run the kingdom. She did not like change that much either, this attitude would also play an important role with the way she would try to run her cabinet and kingdom. In 1891 Kalakaua went on a world tour to help broaden his horizons and he appointed Princess Liliuokalani as reg ent of Hawaii. Kalakaua died in San Francisco and Liliuokalani became queen. Hawaii would never be the same again. A lot of events had taken place during the five years before Liliuokalani had taken the throne from her brother. King Kalakaua had a tumultuous reign as King. In 1872, the cost of maintaining the King, the royal family and the military were $144,350 by 1886 the cost had more than tripled to $462,436 .How could the king and his family justify this cost? The Hawaiian kingdom would be driven into further debt because of the lavish spending of King Kalakaua and his royal family. The argument that has presented before me is that he was trying to establish the Hawaiian monarchy as a real player in world affairs. I still dont see how you can justify spending that much money and put your people in debt with outside peoples. The reign of Kalakaua also brought conspiracy such as, the unscrupulous handling of the liquor license and the opium debate that raged throughout the kingdom. This brought about a revision to the Constitution and it became known as the ?Bayonet Constitution?. The Constitu tion of 1887 was meant to perfect power. Its provisions, according to its supporters, were bulwarks of liberty . The Constitution of 1887 was established to take some power away from the monarch and equally distribute it amongst the leaders of the Hawaiian society. It made the upper house of the legislature elective rather than appointive, which meant they could now vote for nobles as well. To vote you needed to meet the qualifications, an income of six hundred dollars a year or taxable property worth three thousand dollars. This qualification did exclude two out of three Hawaiians but Daws argues that ?it simply offered them an incentive to better their condition as individuals and thus earn there right to part in responsible politics? . The groundwork was laid for a fight to the finish, who really controlled the islands. The natives did not have much say in the Constitution of 1887 because most of the power sat in the hands of the haole elite. Kalakaua could not do much about this because he was concerned about foreign affairs at this point. With Kalakaua touring the world and trying to establish Hawaii as a sovereign nation, recognized amongst other great nations of their time, his sister waited in the wings. Little did she know that she would be thrust into the spotlight a lot sooner than expected. Atomic Bomb EssayRobert Wilcox and V. Ashford among them, but they no longer agreed with her . They no longer could stand the way Liliuokalani was running the government so they spoke out against it. This made many people in her advisory council mad and they started to believe that she could no longer be a capable leader. I do believe a major reason for the overthrow and eventual annexation of Hawaii was the McKinley act of 1891, which basically made the reciprocity treaty of 1887 seem just like a ploy by the United States to gain control of Pearl Harbor. The McKinley act of 1891 allowed all the sugar in the world to be free of any kind of tariff. ?The United States had Pearl Harbor, but Hawaiian Sugar no longer had any advantage over any other foreign sugar? . This would cause a major depression in the Hawaiian Kingdom and every time there is a depression someone will get blamed for it. The people would start to blame Liliuokalani and she seemed very complacent. The sugar plantation owners were very influential people and Liliuokalani knew this, but it seemed to me that she felt like she could not do anything. I think if she tried to appeal to the sympathies of other countries that had some interest in the Hawaiian islands things could have been a little different. Maybe it is the narrow view that I have, but I believe the British or the Japanese could have helped the Hawaiians out. I know the United States government was just becoming a world power then but Britain was already established and they were allies of the United States. I guess Britain was also practicing empiricism too and they might have taken it over to.. One thing is for sure is the queen had ill feelings towards the Minister John L. Stevens. John L. Stevens was the minister to Hawaii, appointed by the United States government, whose annexation leanings put him at the center of the controversy after the revolution . She states ?Minister John L. Stevens it must be said that he was either mentally incapable of recognizing what is to be expected of a gentleman, to say nothing of a Diplomatist, or he was decidedly in the league with those persons who had conspired against the piece of Hawaii? . John L. Stevens was the person who said annexation to the United States was right and gave the report back to the United States on the condition of the people in the Hawaiian Islands. I believe that the Queen should have tried to show her power a little more and flex her muscles. I do not think the United States would have been able to act upon the people as much if she appealed to the people of the United States not just the government. A lot of the people in the United States did not want to annex the United States in 1893, not until the Spanish-American War did the United States have an interest in the Hawaiian Islands. The Government was overthrown for many reasons and there were a lot of underlying problems. I do think we have to look at the leader of the Hawaiian nation at that time and see what was her motivation for the things that she did. The queen did try to better her peoples standing and she did try to gain equal rights for her people but the times changed to fast. The queen could not adjust to the way the Hawaiian society had changed, or she didnt want ot have society change as much as it did. Queen Liliuokalani was a little too stubborn to rule during that time and I believe if the Hawaiian people had elected Queen Emma things would have been a little bit different because the people would have probably stood up for her a little more. This is why the haoles did not want her elected and Kalakaua won the corrupted election. So the beat goes on and even today we have the whole sovereignty issue. One thing I want to leave you with is do not believe that the Hawaiian Islands were stolen from their people but believe that they were more taken form a people that were confused and were not altogether. It was more like one big bully versus a bunch of smaller kids, if all the smaller kids got together they could have beaten the bigger kid. History Reports

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER RESEARCH THROUGH THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH Essay Example

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER RESEARCH THROUGH THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH Essay Major Depressive Disorder Research through the Cognitive Psychology Approach Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER RESEARCH THROUGH THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER RESEARCH THROUGH THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER RESEARCH THROUGH THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Major Depressive Disorder Research through the Cognitive Psychology Approach Introduction Major depressive disorder affects millions of people worldwide every year and has become a common clinical condition. Normally, a person suffering from this disorder normally exhibits a sad mood and disinterest in things that would previously have fascinated him or her. Depression primarily has an effect over the â€Å"whole body†. In this case, the patients’ emotions and behavior undergo immense alteration. The exact causes of this condition are hard to pin point with some believing that it is hereditary or may be caused by an imbalance of chemicals in the brain. It has been established that major depressive disorder is a common condition among people suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD) as well as a major contributor to disability and poor life quality (Nilsson, Kessing, Sorensen, Andersen, Bolwig, 2002). However, it is important to realize the difficulty of assessing this condition in patients with PD because of overlapping symptoms and assessing it in patients with cognitive impairment. In this regard, the Movement Disorder Society endeavored to carry out a research over the assessment of depression among patients with PD. A number of rating scales are used for the assessment of depression. The research was hence carried out to ascertain their credibility and consequently make recommendations. Literature Review Symptoms of depression have a tendency of occurring in people suffering from PD with studies suggesting that 40 percent are usually affected. Symptoms of depression have been recognized as being main determinants of how healthy PD patient lives and can as well affect cognitive function, and functional ability. This therefore makes it essential for the recognition and assessment of symptoms in patients suffering from PD. The research was able to identify a number of rating scales for the assessment and screening of depression disorder. Apparently, these scales are used to assess depression among patients suffering from PD or not (Hahlweg Goldstein, 2007). For purposes of selecting the scales, the research included all scales used for the assessment of depression disorder and those with the potential utility of assessing depressed patients suffering from PD. Scales specifically designed for the assessment of conditions similar to depression such as anxiety, apathy, and anhedonia were excluded. At present, the diagnosis of depressive disorder is done through the diagnostic and statistics strategy (DSM-IV) as recommended by the American Psychiatric Association. However, contrary to what the research found on the diagnosis of depressive disorder, I was able to establish otherwise. In this case, in research studies and clinical practice, particularly in treatment trials and surveys measuring the symptoms of depressive disorder, the use of DSM-IV is often not useful or feasible. The use of DSM-IV has shortfalls and has been recommended to undergo for revision. Even though discussions over how valid this criteria for depression assessment were not at the scope of the research, the problems involved and how they influence the assessment of severity and presence of depression in PD patients needs to be recognized and discussed. Methods The research team endeavored to form a committee for investigating the credibility of depression rating scales for patients with PD. The committee included seven members from North America, Europe, and Australia and included psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurologists who had good records of accomplishment in the field of depression for patients with PD. The members of the task force identified problems affecting the assessment of major depressive disorder. The team also identified eligible scales to be investigated. In this regard, I think that the committee members should have been subjected to a survey or interview to verify their credibility within the depressive disorder field. This would have been an efficient way of ensuring that the team selected was qualified to execute the research task. Nevertheless, the committee members organized a survey on the types of scales used to assess depressive disorder. The response rate amounted to four percent with 79 out of 2000 neurologists returning their questionnaires. A poor turn out of responses in this case possibly means that few neurologists make routine use of depression scales. In this regard, since the results of the research were drawn from a limited resource, then that ultimately renders the findings partly inconclusive. However, the research committee endeavored to formulate proforma for allowing a structured assessment of the depression scales. The proforma showed descriptions over scale availability, content, acceptability, and use. Judging by this data collection method, the committee worked well with the little information source they received and made clear and detailed tabulations. All statements made from the information were referenced and quantitative and qualitative results were summarized and tabulated. The rest of the task force assessed completed reviews and modified them in tune with unanimous suggestions. The chairperson was responsible for summarizing the identified problems, reviews, and conclusions. The final report was modified following group discussions with the entire task force. Results DSM-IV defines major depressive disorder as a loss in pleasure or interest or depressed mood for a period not less than two weeks, together with other symptoms that represent change from previous psychological state. These other features are changes in weight or appetite, retardation, insomnia, slowed speech, thought, worthlessness feelings, fatigue, guilt, death or ideas of suicide. Fundamentally, there should exclusion of symptoms that suggest a general condition. From this finding, I was able to establish that rating some of the depression symptoms is a daunting task because of considerable overlap of depression symptoms and PD symptoms. However, it is not clear whether there should have been an adoption of an inclusive approach for rating scales. The decision concerning how the symptoms should be rated is not trivial and influences the results of the study. In this regard, using diagnostic criteria and scales that have automatic inclusion of all somatic symptoms is capable of leading to incorrect depression results. In this situation, patients are more likely to be diagnosed with depression without the core depression symptoms. Alternatively, scales that do not include these symptoms may exhibit poor validity of criteria, particularly at as the depression spectrum ends. For example, apathy is a cardinal symptom of depressive disorder. However, apathy also occurs independently without depression (Nilsson, Kessing, Sorensen, Andersen, Bolwig, 2002). The research was also able to establish that major depression in some aspects differs from depression in PD. Furthermore, most of the patients suffering from PD exhibit depressive symptoms that do not fulfill the conditions of a major depressive episode. The research was also able to establish that scales for assessing depression have different uses. For example, one purpose serves to assess how severe depression is and check how the patient responds to antidepressant treatments. For this research or clinical task, a scale’s reliability, responsiveness, and responsiveness to good changes is relevant. The other reason of using rating scales is screening patients with PD for the possibility of depression. For purposes of screening, each use has use has an importance in clinical settings that require self-rating scales or untrained raters. Scales with good specificity and sensitivity may be used as screening tools. Rating scales used in depression do not offer assessment timing, something that is particularly crucial in patients suffering from PD. Furthermore, majority of rating scales are clinician rated, or patient reported. In this case, inputting collateral information may prove beneficial when assessing patients with PD. However, how or whether to use such information needs to be operationalized. The research found nine scales for assessing depression for patients with PD. These include the beck depression inventory, the Hamilton depression scale, the Zung depression scale, the Geriatric depression scale, the Montgomery depression scale, and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Additionally, the corner scale was incorporated because it is the only universal scale used for patients with cognitive impairment, a common condition among depression patients with PD (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Some scales were not included but were considered because they only assess moods wit h short life such as Profile Mood States. Whilst the results were in recognition of the limitations of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and recommendations for criteria improvement, these DSM-IV criteria should have been used for purposes of measuring the validity of the criteria in the literature. All scales were established as valid even though structure was subject to variance thus leading to chances of differentiation of the results. There was no available data to suggest the one responsible for administering observer rated scales. However, information regarding the training need on each scale should have been provided. Discussion All scales reviewed in this research have some relevance in their purpose of assessing depressive disorder. Available scales for depression have a number of functions. Different purposes mean that different properties of the scales have to be taken into account. Recommendations should be made regarding how appropriate each scale should be used. Diagnosing depression should not solely be made based on a rating scale score. A mere score of these instruments cannot capture a comprehensive range of depression disorder. In this case, high scores may arise when the endorsement of somatic symptoms occurs (Sudak, 2012). On the other hand, low scores may occur even though serious symptoms of depression are present. For this reason, the standard for diagnosing depression has to remain the DSM-IV criteria. Limited evidence is enough to warrant the best scales for rating depression for patients with PD. The statistics from the research suggest that other scales may be useful. However, further studies need to be conducted. Patients are sometimes capable of perceiving their condition in an off rather than an on period. Off periods can be linked with psychiatric symptoms such as delusions, anxiety, and depression. These often improve with time since they are short lived. Since the reviewed scales have been made to make correct assessments, the preceding one or two weeks the off periods may not be considered. The recommendation in this case requires that patients exhibiting motor fluctuations to be assessed while they are in the on period. More studies need to be undertaken on the specificity, sensitivity, and negative and positive predictive values for every scale. Assessing the concurrent credibility of the scales should be made in comparison to the criteria for DSM-IV of major depression. The criteria of assessment of depressive condition are going through changes (Guay, 2012). Incorporating somatic symptoms in depression scales leads to incorrect scores for patients suffering from PD. This may therefore influence the outcome of treatment trials. This calls for an investigation in a clinical format. In general, the observer should use an inclusive approach when scoring answers and patients have to be informed that they should not attribute their symptoms to depression or PD when scoring scales of self-rating. The instruments evaluated in this research are not used to or were not designed to identify subsyndromal or minor depression, and do not offer reflections over the diversity PD mood disorders have. Thus, there is a need to make further characterization of other depressive disorder types. Furthermore, cutoffs need to make adopted for the purpose of research and a specified period designed to include a larger variety of depressive disorders rather than dealing with major depression through cutoffs. Furthermore, there is a need for separate assessment when using scales to measure anhedonia, anxiety of apathy. In this research, the team did not make an assessment on multidimensional scales. However, these scales may prove useful in certain circumstances and have to be validated prior to their recommendation for usage. The caregiver’s role in reporting depression symptoms needs to be operationalized and in particular with scales that assess depressive disorder with comorbid symptoms. Whilst assessing depressive disorder with patients suffering from PD, the task force committee agreed that a majority of the same setbacks would be encountered when a new scale for PD is being developed. At present therefore, the task force does not offer any recommendation for a new scale development. Rather, it advises better studying existing scales. Developing a depression scale in PD is feasible and relevant only when there is an agreement over certain conceptual issues. Furthermore, the aspect of comparing symptoms of depression in PD with those from psychiatric disorders bears advantages. In conclusion, it is vital to recognize that major depressive disorder is a widespread mental complication in the modern world that may sometimes lead to disability or disease such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The Movement Disorder Society in the United States endeavored to carry out a research in order to assess depressive disorder among patients with PD. The research was able to identify a number of rating scales for the assessment and screening of depression disorder. In this regard, these scales are used to assess depression among patients suffering from PD or not. The research was able to establish that the diagnosis of depressive disorder is at present being carried out through the diagnostic and statistics strategy (DSM-IV). This is as recommended by the American Psychiatric Association. However, upon reviewing the findings of this research, it is vital to recognize that certain considerations need to be appreciated. In this case, I was able to establish that the diagnosis of depressive disorder should not solely be made based on a rating scale score. A mere score of these instruments cannot capture a comprehensive range of depression disorder. This implies that further tests need to be made carried to facilitate informed and correct conclusions regarding the psychological status of the patient in question (Puig Encinas, 2012). Reference American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. Brown, M. R. (2004). Major Depressive Disorder Research. New York: Nova Biomedical Books. Guay, A. (2012). Major depressive disorder. Delhi: Research World. Hahlweg, K., Goldstein, M. J. (2007). Understanding major mental disorder: The contribution of family interaction research. New York: Family Process Press. Nilsson, F. M., Kessing, L. V., Sorensen, T. M., Andersen, P. K., Bolwig, T. G. (2002). Major depressive disorder in Parkinson’s disease: a register-based study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 3, 202-11. Puig, F. J. E., Encinas, F. J. L. (2012). Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in a University Psychology Clinic. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15.( 3). 1388-1399. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n3.39423 Simpson, H. B. (2010). Anxiety disorders: Theory, research, and clinical perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sudak, D. M. (2011). Combining CBT and medication: An evidence-based approach. Hoboken: Wiley.

pH, pKa, Ka, pKb, and Kb Explained

pH, pKa, Ka, pKb, and Kb Explained There are related scales in chemistry used to measure how acidic or basic a solution is and the strength of acids and bases. Although the pH scale is most familiar, pKa, Ka, pKb, and Kb are common calculations that offer insight into acid-base reactions. Heres an explanation of the terms and how they differ from each other. What Does the p Mean? Whenever you see a p in front of a value, like pH, pKa, and pKb, it means youre dealing with a -log of the value following the p. For example, pKa is the -log of Ka. Because of the way the log function works, a smaller pKa means a larger Ka. pH is the -log of hydrogen ion concentration, and so on. Formulas and Definitions for pH and Equilibrium Constant pH and pOH are related, just as Ka, pKa, Kb, and pKb are. If you know pH, you can calculate pOH. If you know an equilibrium constant, you can calculate the others. About pH pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, [H], in an aqueous (water) solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A low pH value indicates acidity, a pH7 is neutral, and a high pH value indicates alkalinity. The pH value can tell you whether youre dealing with an acid or a base, but it offers limited value indicating the true strength of the acid of a base. The formula to calculate pH and pOH are: pH - log [H] pOH - log [OH-] At 25 degrees Celsius: pH pOH 14 Understanding Ka and pKa Ka, pKa, Kb, and pKb are more helpful for predicting whether a species will donate or accept protons at a specific pH value. They describe the degree of ionization of an acid or base and are true indicators of acid or base strength because adding water to a solution will not change the equilibrium constant. Ka and pKa relate to acids, while Kb and pKb deal with bases. Like pH and pOH, these values also account for hydrogen ion or proton concentration (for Ka and pKa) or hydroxide ion concentration (for Kb and pKb). Ka and Kb are related to each other through the ion constant for water, Kw: Kw Ka x Kb Ka is the acid dissociation constant. pKa is simply the -log of this constant. Similarly, Kb is the base dissociation constant, while pKb is the -log of the constant. The acid and base dissociation constants are usually expressed in terms of mole per liter (mol/L). Acids and bases dissociate according to general equations: HA H2O ⇆ A-Â   H3OHB H2O ⇆ B OH- In the formulas, A stands for acid and B for base. Ka [H][A-]/ [HA]pKa - log Kaat half the equivalence point, pH pKa -log Ka A large Ka value indicates a strong acid because it means the acid is largely dissociated into its ions. A Large Ka value also means the formation of products in the reaction is favored. A small Ka value means little of the acid dissociates, so you have a weak acid. The Ka value for most weak acids ranges from 10-2 to 10-14. The pKa gives the same information, just in a different way. The smaller the value of pKa, the stronger the acid. Weak acids have a pKa ranging from 2-14. Understanding Kb and pKb Kb is the base dissociation constant. The base dissociation constant is a measure of how completely a base dissociates into its component ions in water. Kb [B][OH-]/[BOH]pKb -log Kb A large Kb value indicates the high level of dissociation of a strong base. A lower pKb value indicates a stronger base. pKa and pKb are related by the simple relation: pKa pKb 14 What Is pI? Another important point is pI. This is the isoelectric point. It is the pH at which a protein (or another molecule) is electrically neutral (has no net electrical charge).

Should conscientious objection be a defence to breach of equality law Essay

Should conscientious objection be a defence to breach of equality law - Essay Example Anti-Racism laws, which are a reflection of the equality law were designed to provide a remedy to the failure by the State to not do enough to protect disadvantaged member of the society.2 The United Kingdom’s Equality Act of 2010, which is part of the wider anti-discrimination laws of Great Britain, is based on the premise of the State impacting upon the UK society through legislation to educate and instruct individuals as well as institutions on how to act during public interactions.3 The Equality Law simply requires citizens to be blind on differences to do with sexuality, race, gender, and age. Secondly, it requires citizens to be deaf on differences arising from belief or religion. However, under the concept of conscientious objection, there are seemingly exceptions to the adherence of the equality law.4 Conscientious objection has been described as â€Å"a refusal on religious or moral grounds to engage in military conflict or even serve in the armed forces.†5 A conscientious objection is normally based on religious beliefs that are obtained from trainings and must be highly upheld. A conscientious objector must prove that the newly acquired ethical and moral convictions are what direct his or her life choices. Under the English law, there are only three instances where there are legal rights to objections based on conscientious objections. These instances comprise of abortion cases, application of technological process in achieving conception/ pregnancy, and in services of the armed forces.6 Other cases examples on the application of conscientious objections are when a pharmacists declines to administer emergency contraceptives owing to his religious beliefs or when an employee breaks health and safety rules or dress codes or displays religious symbols at the work place, wh ich is an infringement upon the rights of others. Based on the above review, conscientious objection should not be used as defence for breaching the equality law since it will provide

Historical Impact on Working Conditions (HR, Employee Labor and Research Paper - 1

Historical Impact on Working Conditions (HR, Employee Labor and Relations) - Research Paper Example The momentum of ‘cotton culture’ took off with deployment of large number of Black slaves. In 1790, it is estimated that 700,000 slave workers lived around Ohio River and Mason-Dixon Line (Reef, 2007, pp. XVI-XIX). Throughout eighteenth century, factories grew rapidly where profit was the chief motive. Without any legislation to protect workers rights, the situation was quite messy for laborers who often had to work 14 hours a day. Laborers often protested, but could not match the power of employers. In 1835, a strike was organized in Philadelphia for 10 hours in a day work. By the end of civil war, factories were more organized in technical terms with better equipments and tools. Coming up of railroads carried the next level of growth momentum. Yet, labors had little say on their workings. After the civil war, the struggle gained momentum from labors, though in unorganized and uncoordinated fashion. With little or no government assistance, it was tough to move forward (Reef, 2007, p. XIX). Although the term ‘collective bargaining’ was initially used in 1891 by economist Sidney Webb, it was introduced in raw form ever since the inception of trade unions soon after the post civil war period. Collective bargaining is a method of arbitration between firm and the agents of a unit of employees intended at arriving at deals that sets operational conditions. Collective agreements normally specify wage amounts, shift hours, training, security, extra hours pay, and rights to take part in factory or corporation issues. Working conditions slowly improved side-by-side with the growth of trade unions. Many labor legislations were passed that set standard rules for hiring and remunerating labors. The first key event in the US labor history was establishment of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886. AFL ran on the form of ‘craft unions’ and was conservative in the sense that it did not challenge capitalism per se. Instead, it was

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is an incapacitating multifarious disorder that renders the victim fatigued for longer periods. It has been realized that this kind of disorder is not solved by bed rest and is usually aggravated by mental and physical activities. People suffering from CFS have been seen to be unable to perform tasks that they were to do it comfortably before the illness. The most noticeable features of this disorder include pain in the muscle, weakness, impaired memory, and poor concentration. In addition, the victims are generally weak and some of them show evidences of insomnia (Bell, 1995). This disorder may persist for a long period. Diagnostic tests have not been able to clearly point out the possible causes of this disorder. This is because of the fact that some illnesses have symptoms related to this disorder and we cannot confine those symptoms to this particular disorder alone (Verrillo, Gellman, 1988). Any infection to the immune system taken to be the possi ble cause of CFS and microorganism play a major role in causing it. Any form of immune-suppression is also seen a factor that compromises an individual to this disorder (Fisher et al 1997). Introduction Absence of specific diagnostic characteristic features of CFS, a criterion has been formulated that helps physicians in detecting the disorder. One of the most commonly used criteria is the one that requires the victim to show the possible symptoms for a period of more than six months. This is because the physician will have had enough time to diagnose other possible ailments and thereby reaching the point of excluding the disorder much easily (Murdoch Denz-Penhey, 2002). Additionally, the patient is expected to show any of the four symptoms, which may include frequently occurring sore throat, muscle pain, impairment of the patient to the extent of affecting the normal economic activities of the patient and unrefreshing sleep (Lisman Dougherty, 2007). Other symptoms that can be used include pain in all the joints of the body, severe headache that recurs in some pattern, and post-exertional depression. The purpose of this study is to find out some of the predisposing factors for thi s disorder. Additionally, the causes, symptoms, ways of diagnosing this disease will be identified (Moss-Morris Petrie, 2000). Suggested treatments will be provided so that the healthy population can know more on how to avoid this disorder. Various studies have been carried with the intention of trying to find ways of finding definite symptoms for this disorder. One of these studies was carried out in 1993 with the intention of improving on the ways of diagnosing the disease as it had been decided earlier in 1988. The aim of the study in 1993 was to reinvent new strategies of that can lead to faster diagnosis of the disorder (Lisman Dougherty, 2007). Some of the recommendations from the researches at that time was to classify the fatigue to different levels as can be depicted by the victims. Those with less than six months infection for instance were classified as having chronic fatigue while those with more than six months symptoms were classified as having relapsing fatigue. The patients could also be classified as having gradual or sudden fatigue, among other distinguishing parameters (Fisher et al 1997). A number of predisposing factors have been identified as it regards to CFS. It is also important to note the greater portion of the American population have similar symptoms related to this disorder but cannot be classified as CFS (Meirleir Patarca-Montero, 2000). Some of the factors that promote the risks of having the disorder include age, gender, and socioeconomic groups. It has been found that CFS affects women at a higher rate four times than men (Voncannon, 2002). In addition, individuals with the age between 40 to 50 years have been found to be having CFS. It is also important to note that children can be found with the disorder especially in their teen years and this show that the disease affects any age (Fisher et al 1997). Some of the important symptoms for CFS include prolonged fatigue that extends to a period over six months. Such a fatigue is not reduced by any amount of rest. Other notable characteristics of this disorder include post-exertional disquiet, pain in the muscles, pain in the multiple joints, lack of concentration, sleep that does not refresh, and headache that comes with some pattern (Englebienne, 2002). Additionally, the throat the regularly becomes sore and presence swellings in the lymph, chronic cough, nausea, weight loss, skin sensations, and jaw pain. Psychological problems, shortness of breath, and chest pain are also important symptoms of the disease (Moss-Morris Petrie, 2000). A number of factors makes it hard for physicians to diagnose CFS and includes the lack of laboratory diagnostic technique or biomarkers. Other reasons include the fact that fatigue is a common symptom for all other illnesses, patients do not look sick while the pattern of illness is not constant. This has led to the low level of diagnosis for this particular disorder. Exclusion technique is the best method to diagnose CFs disorder due to lack blood tests or scans for the brain (Leonard, 1997). Diagnosis has to be carried out for period extending six months where the patient can report sufficient evidence of being constantly tired. The physician has to take enough history of the illness of the patient who may be suspected of having CFS (Royal College of Physicians of London, 1997). Medical history has to be reviewed also in order to identify and rule out the possible illnesses that might have been the cause of the fatigue. This is done until CFS is ultimately pointed out. The physicia n can later develop a treatment for the patient. It is also possible for patients to diagnose themselves by eliminating the possible causes of the illnesses just like physician (Englebienne, 2002). The process of managing the chronic CFS is very tricky just like the diagnosis itself because of the variety of the symptoms. Currently, there is no drug or cure for this disorder and such factors complicate the treatment process (Demitrack Abbey, 1999). This means that the best way of managing it by developing an individualized treatment plan for every patient. The best plan comprises a collection of therapies each aimed at managing the symptoms shown by the patient. Input by range medical professional experts is the best solution and when this is coupled with the treatment of other illnesses then the disorder can be managed easily (Lisman Dougherty, 2007). Living with CFS is very tricky and having the chronic type can result in significant devastating effects on the victim. Some of the challenges facing the success of treating CFS include the change and predictability of the symptoms, variations in the stamina that interferes with someone elseà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s a ctivities, altered memory, loss of independence, and potential impacts on decreased sexual activities among couples (Bell, 1995). Some of the treatment options that is available for CFS and they include professional counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and symptomatic treatment. Additionally, pharmacologic therapy, sleep hygiene, pain therapy, and use of antidepressants can help in suppressing the effects of CFS (Demitrack Abbey, 1999). It is however important to keep in mind the fact that the disorder affects individuals in a different way. Some people may be paralyzed for good while others can recover fully from the disorder (Verrillo, Gellman, 1988). It is also hard to obtain accurate results as it regard the number of individuals who have recovered from CFS. Natural remedies can also be employed to boost an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s body energy thereby suppressing chronic fatigue (Leonard, 1997). Variety of products can be used and they include magnesium injection of muscles with low red blood cells magnesium, taking meals rich in fish oil, and melatonin. Other remedies that have show positive response in suppressing the effects of chronic fatigue syndrome include taking of melatonin, ribose, and NADH rich food (Patarca-Montero, 1999). The studies carried on the foods are however, limited and no accurate data can be easily found. Some of the drugs used to counter the effects of chronic fatigue disorder include the use of corticosteroids, and cholinesterase inhibitors like the galantamine (Fisher et al 1997). Methylphenidate like Ritalin, which is a psychostimulant that is used to increase the levels of neurotransmitters thereby helping individuals with attention-deficit disorder, can be used. Some lifestyle techniques can also be employed to counter this disorder and this includes developing a plan that will help is stress reduction, ensuring that the patient gets enough slee p, exercising regularly and maintaining healthy lifestyle. The lifestyle includes eating balanced diets, drinking plenty of fluids, limiting caffeine intake, and participating in aerobics (Meirleir Mcgregor, 2003). Conclusion Chronic fatigue syndrome is more than just being tired because the affected individual is interfered from performing their daily activities in a normal way. Other individuals have been forced to quit high paying jobs, several disabled and others bedridden. The nature of this illness shows that it is even hard to diagnose it (Bell, 1995). Trial and error method of eliminating other possible ailments complicates the diagnostic process. The best remedy therefore is for individuals to live the kind of lifestyles that do not promotes the predisposing factors of the disorder (Voncannon, 2002). This includes living the kind of lifestyle that discourages the development of the disorder. It is also important for physicians to improve their way of diagnosing the disease so that they can be able to come up with comprehensive treatment strategies (Meirleir Patarca-Montero, 2000).

The Newfoundland & Labrador Essays -- Advertising

Travel advertisements are created to inspire. They are constructed to be visually appealing and intriguing, yet they must also maintain a distinct trace of the exotic. The embedded foreignness in travel advertisements spark curiosity, which in turn seeks to enlighten the reader’s sense of adventure. The advertisement coauthored by the Newfoundland & Labrador Department of Tourism (henceforth referred to as â€Å"NL Tourism†) and the Canadian airline WestJet is no exception. What sets this particular advertisement apart, however, are the elements of publication dynamics and design that combine harmoniously to sell an idea. The advertisement was published in travel section of Toronto’s The Globe and Mail, a newspaper that is circulated across Canada. The publication selection hints at the advertisement’s intended audience. It would be fair to deduce that readers of The Globe and Mail are fairly educated since The Globe often features analyses of issues that are of international importance. Readers are also perhaps middle aged, as newspaper is becoming an antiquated medium in society, and they are likely to have decent salaries, for the weekend edition of the newspaper costs $3.88 alone. WestJet and NL Tourism are targeting people with a healthy discretionary income. This is especially true considering The Globe is published in Toronto, which is a popular economic and financial centre of Canada. The advertisement size, a full-colour back page, is also intended to draw attention to the reader and possible onlookers. Finally, the advertisement’s publication date of Saturday, 25 Februa ry 2012, is also strategic. It comes at a time when people may be thinking about summer vacations and journeys to visit home. The sunny, placid overtone fe... ... way ticket, but suggests that perhaps a one way ticket is the only direction the reader needs. The passage in the fine print correlates to the idea of time zones and escape, further inviting the reader to discover the Province. Through tactical publication placement and quality visual aesthetics, the advertisement cultivates appeal. The idea being marketed embodies core concepts of the desire to travel: relaxation, exploration, and the regress to a more simple state of living. These concepts are promoted as what the reader deserves. Venturing to Newfoundland and the Conception Bay sunshine should be the priority of the reader after viewing the advertisement. The description on the uniqueness of place fulfills the impression that Newfoundland and Labrador is unconventional and alluring. In just three short hours from Toronto, the secluded bay awaits your arrival.